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ZK Co-Processor: A New Engine for Expanding the Web3 Ecosystem
ZK Co-processor: The Key Technology for Large-scale Applications in Web3
The co-processor was originally designed as an auxiliary processing unit for CPUs to handle specific tasks. In the blockchain field, the emergence of ZK co-processors aims to address two major issues in the Ethereum network: high Gas fees and data access limitations. These problems severely hinder the large-scale adoption of decentralized applications.
ZK co-processors significantly reduce transaction costs and expand application scenarios by performing computations and data processing off-chain, then submitting the results on-chain. Currently, well-known ZK co-processor projects in the industry mainly focus on three major application areas: on-chain data indexing, oracles, and ZKML.
From a technical architecture perspective, different projects each have their own characteristics:
The Bonsai architecture of Risc Zero is based on the RISC-V instruction set and provides components such as a general zkVM and proof generation system.
Lagrange focuses on building verifiable databases and computing that supports MapReduce principles.
Succinct Network is committed to integrating programmable facts into all aspects of blockchain development.
These projects focus on various aspects such as data indexing, ZK algorithm selection, and recursive proofs, but their overall technical paths are converging. They are all building their own prover networks and cloud computing markets to address the high costs of ZK proof generation.
Unlike Layer 2, ZK co-processors are more focused on application development, serving as components of Layer 2 or directly providing computing power for public chain applications. They are expected to reconstruct many middleware in blockchain, such as oracles, cross-chain bridges, and more.
Despite the broad prospects, ZK co-processors still face some challenges: high development thresholds, technology still in its early stages, and immature hardware support, among others. However, in the long run, ZK co-processors are expected to become a key technology driving the large-scale application of Web3. With the realization of a fully chain real-time provable database and low-cost off-chain computation, it will bring a whole new paradigm of software development to blockchain.